16 Language support library [language.support]

16.9 Exception handling [support.exception]

16.9.7 nested_­exception [except.nested]

namespace std {
  class nested_exception {
  public:
    nested_exception() noexcept;
    nested_exception(const nested_exception&) noexcept = default;
    nested_exception& operator=(const nested_exception&) noexcept = default;
    virtual ~nested_exception() = default;

    // access functions
    [[noreturn]] void rethrow_nested() const;
    exception_ptr nested_ptr() const noexcept;
  };

  template<class T> [[noreturn]] void throw_with_nested(T&& t);
  template<class E> void rethrow_if_nested(const E& e);
}
1
#
The class nested_­exception is designed for use as a mixin through multiple inheritance.
It captures the currently handled exception and stores it for later use.
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[ Note
:
nested_­exception has a virtual destructor to make it a polymorphic class.
Its presence can be tested for with dynamic_­cast.
— end note
 ]
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nested_exception() noexcept;
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Effects: The constructor calls current_­exception() and stores the returned value.
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[[noreturn]] void rethrow_nested() const;
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Effects: If nested_­ptr() returns a null pointer, the function calls the function std​::​terminate.
Otherwise, it throws the stored exception captured by *this.
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exception_ptr nested_ptr() const noexcept;
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Returns: The stored exception captured by this nested_­exception object.
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template<class T> [[noreturn]] void throw_with_nested(T&& t);
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Let U be decay_­t<T>.
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Requires: U shall be Cpp17CopyConstructible.
8
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Throws: If is_­class_­v<U> && !is_­final_­v<U> && !is_­base_­of_­v<nested_­exception, U> is true, an exception of unspecified type that is publicly derived from both U and nested_­exception and constructed from std​::​forward<T>(t), otherwise std​::​forward<T>(t).
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template<class E> void rethrow_if_nested(const E& e);
9
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Effects: If E is not a polymorphic class type, or if nested_­exception is an inaccessible or ambiguous base class of E, there is no effect.
Otherwise, performs: 
if (auto p = dynamic_cast<const nested_exception*>(addressof(e)))
  p->rethrow_nested();