22 Iterators library [iterators]

22.4 Iterator primitives [iterator.primitives]

22.4.1 Iterator traits [iterator.traits]

To implement algorithms only in terms of iterators, it is often necessary to determine the value and difference types that correspond to a particular iterator type.

Accordingly, it is required that if Iterator is the type of an iterator, the types

iterator_traits<Iterator>::difference_type
iterator_traits<Iterator>::value_type
iterator_traits<Iterator>::iterator_category

be defined as the iterator's difference type, value type and iterator category, respectively.

In addition, the types

iterator_traits<Iterator>::reference
iterator_traits<Iterator>::pointer

shall be defined as the iterator's reference and pointer types, that is, for an iterator object a, the same type as the type of *a and a->, respectively.

In the case of an output iterator, the types

iterator_traits<Iterator>::difference_type
iterator_traits<Iterator>::value_type
iterator_traits<Iterator>::reference
iterator_traits<Iterator>::pointer

may be defined as void.

If Iterator has valid ([temp.deduct]) member types difference_type, value_type, pointer, reference, and iterator_category, iterator_traits<Iterator> shall have the following as publicly accessible members:

  using difference_type   = typename Iterator::difference_type;
  using value_type        = typename Iterator::value_type;
  using pointer           = typename Iterator::pointer;
  using reference         = typename Iterator::reference;
  using iterator_category = typename Iterator::iterator_category;

Otherwise, iterator_traits<Iterator> shall have no members by any of the above names.

It is specialized for pointers as

namespace std {
  template<class T> struct iterator_traits<T*> {
    using difference_type   = ptrdiff_t;
    using value_type        = remove_cv_t<T>;
    using pointer           = T*;
    using reference         = T&;
    using iterator_category = random_access_iterator_tag;
  };
}

[ Example

To implement a generic reverse function, a C++ program can do the following:

template<class BidirectionalIterator>
void reverse(BidirectionalIterator first, BidirectionalIterator last) {
  typename iterator_traits<BidirectionalIterator>::difference_type n =
    distance(first, last);
  --n;
  while(n > 0) {
    typename iterator_traits<BidirectionalIterator>::value_type
     tmp = *first;
    *first++ = *--last;
    *last = tmp;
    n -= 2;
  }
}

— end example

]