postfix-expression: primary-expression postfix-expression [ expr-or-braced-init-list ] postfix-expression ( expression-list ) simple-type-specifier ( expression-list ) typename-specifier ( expression-list ) simple-type-specifier braced-init-list typename-specifier braced-init-list postfix-expression . template id-expression postfix-expression -> template id-expression postfix-expression . pseudo-destructor-name postfix-expression -> pseudo-destructor-name postfix-expression ++ postfix-expression -- dynamic_cast < type-id > ( expression ) static_cast < type-id > ( expression ) reinterpret_cast < type-id > ( expression ) const_cast < type-id > ( expression ) typeid ( expression ) typeid ( type-id )
expression-list: initializer-list
pseudo-destructor-name: nested-name-specifier type-name :: ~ type-name nested-name-specifier template simple-template-id :: ~ type-name ~ type-name ~ decltype-specifier
template<typename ...T> int f(int n = 0, T ...t);
int x = f<int>(); // error: no argument for second function parameter
— end example
void f() {
std::string s = "but I have heard it works even if you don't believe in it";
s.replace(0, 4, "").replace(s.find("even"), 4, "only").replace(s.find(" don't"), 6, "");
assert(s == "I have heard it works only if you believe in it"); // OK
} — end example
struct S {
S(int);
};
int operator<<(S, int);
int i, j;
int x = S(i=1) << (i=2);
int y = operator<<(S(j=1), j=2); nested-name-specifier type-name :: ~ type-nameshall designate the same scalar type (ignoring cv-qualification).
struct B { };
struct D : B { };
void foo(D* dp) {
B* bp = dynamic_cast<B*>(dp); // equivalent to B* bp = dp;
} — end example
class A { virtual void f(); };
class B { virtual void g(); };
class D : public virtual A, private B { };
void g() {
D d;
B* bp = (B*)&d; // cast needed to break protection
A* ap = &d; // public derivation, no cast needed
D& dr = dynamic_cast<D&>(*bp); // fails
ap = dynamic_cast<A*>(bp); // fails
bp = dynamic_cast<B*>(ap); // fails
ap = dynamic_cast<A*>(&d); // succeeds
bp = dynamic_cast<B*>(&d); // ill-formed (not a runtime check)
}
class E : public D, public B { };
class F : public E, public D { };
void h() {
F f;
A* ap = &f; // succeeds: finds unique A
D* dp = dynamic_cast<D*>(ap); // fails: yields null; f has two D subobjects
E* ep = (E*)ap; // ill-formed: cast from virtual base
E* ep1 = dynamic_cast<E*>(ap); // succeeds
} — end example
class D { /* ... */ };
D d1;
const D d2;
typeid(d1) == typeid(d2); // yields true
typeid(D) == typeid(const D); // yields true
typeid(D) == typeid(d2); // yields true
typeid(D) == typeid(const D&); // yields true
— end example
struct B { };
struct D : public B { };
D d;
B &br = d;
static_cast<D&>(br); // produces lvalue to the original d object
— end exampleT t(e);for some invented temporary variable t ([dcl.init]) and then using the temporary variable as the result of the conversion.
struct B { };
struct D : private B { };
void f() {
static_cast<D*>((B*)0); // error: B is a private base of D
static_cast<int B::*>((int D::*)0); // error: B is a private base of D
} — end example
T* p1 = new T;
const T* p2 = static_cast<const T*>(static_cast<void*>(p1));
bool b = p1 == p2; // b will have the value true.
— end exampletypedef int *A[3]; // array of 3 pointer to int typedef const int *const CA[3]; // array of 3 const pointer to const int CA &&r = A{}; // OK, reference binds to temporary array object after qualification conversion to type CA A &&r1 = const_cast<A>(CA{}); // error: temporary array decayed to pointer A &&r2 = const_cast<A&&>(CA{}); // OK— end example